JavaScript

变量与类型

let x = 1—Block-scoped variable

const y = 2—Block-scoped constant

var z = 3—Function-scoped (avoid)

typeof x—Returns type as string

instanceof—Check prototype chain

undefined—Declared but no value

null—Intentional empty value

NaN—Not a Number result

BigInt(n)—Arbitrary precision integer

Symbol("id")—Unique identifier

数组

.length—String character count

.slice(start, end)—Extract substring

.split(sep)—Split into array

.trim()—Remove whitespace ends

.includes(str)—Check if contains string

.replace(a, b)—Replace first match

.replaceAll(a, b)—Replace all matches

.toUpperCase()—Convert to uppercase

.startsWith(str)—Check prefix

`${expr}`—Template literal interpolation

.padStart(n, ch)—Pad string from left

.match(regex)—Regex match result

对象

.push() / .pop()—Add/remove from end

.shift() / .unshift()—Remove/add from start

.map(fn)—Transform each element

.filter(fn)—Keep matching elements

.reduce(fn, init)—Accumulate to single value

.find(fn)—First matching element

.findIndex(fn)—Index of first match

.some(fn) / .every(fn)—Test any/all elements

.forEach(fn)—Iterate (no return)

.sort((a,b) => a-b)—Sort with comparator

.flat(depth)—Flatten nested arrays

[...arr1, ...arr2]—Spread / merge arrays

函数

{ key: val }—Object literal

obj.key / obj["key"]—Access property

Object.keys(obj)—Array of key names

Object.values(obj)—Array of values

Object.entries(obj)—Array of [key, val] pairs

{ ...obj, key: val }—Spread / merge objects

Object.assign(t, s)—Copy properties to target

delete obj.key—Remove a property

"key" in obj—Check if key exists

Object.freeze(obj)—Make object immutable

DOM操作

function fn(a, b) {}—Function declaration

const fn = () => {}—Arrow function

(...args) =>—Rest parameters

fn(a, b = 5)—Default parameter value

({ a, b }) =>—Destructured params

return value—Return from function

fn.call(ctx, args)—Call with context

fn.bind(ctx)—Bind this context

IIFE: (() => {})()—Immediately invoked fn

Control Flow

if / else if / else—Conditional branching

switch (val) { case }—Multi-branch matching

for (let i=0; i<n; i++)—Classic for loop

for (const x of arr)—Iterate values

for (const k in obj)—Iterate keys

while (cond) {}—While loop

break / continue—Exit or skip iteration

cond ? a : b—Ternary operator

a ?? b—Nullish coalescing

a?.b?.c—Optional chaining

Async & Promises

new Promise((res, rej))—Create a promise

.then(fn)—Handle resolved value

.catch(fn)—Handle rejection

.finally(fn)—Run after settle

async function fn()—Async function

await promise—Wait for promise result

Promise.all([])—Wait for all promises

Promise.race([])—First settled promise

Promise.allSettled([])—All results (pass or fail)

fetch(url)—HTTP request (returns Promise)

DOM

document.querySelector()—Select first match (CSS)

querySelectorAll()—Select all matches

getElementById()—Select by ID

.addEventListener()—Attach event handler

.textContent—Get/set text

.innerHTML—Get/set HTML content

.classList.add/remove—Manage CSS classes

.setAttribute()—Set HTML attribute

.style.prop—Inline style access

.appendChild()—Insert child element

.remove()—Remove element from DOM

createElement("div")—Create new element

Destructuring & Spread

const { a, b } = obj—Object destructuring

const [x, y] = arr—Array destructuring

const { a: alias } = obj—Rename while destructuring

const { a = 5 } = obj—Default in destructuring

...rest—Collect remaining items

[...new Set(arr)]—Remove duplicates

ES Modules

import x from "mod"—Default import

import { x } from "mod"—Named import

import * as mod—Import all as namespace

export default x—Default export

export { x, y }—Named exports

export const x = 1—Inline named export

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