Rust

所有权

let x = 5;—Immutable variable

let mut x = 5;—Mutable variable

const MAX: u32 = 100;—Compile-time constant

fn main() { }—Entry point

println!("Hello {}", name)—Print with format

println!("{:?}", val)—Debug print

let x: i32 = 5;—Explicit type annotation

use std::io;—Import module

类型

i8/i16/i32/i64/i128—Signed integers

u8/u16/u32/u64/u128—Unsigned integers

f32 / f64—Floating point

bool—true or false

char—Unicode character

&str—String slice (borrowed)

String—Owned string

(i32, f64)—Tuple

[i32; 5]—Fixed-size array

Vec<T>—Dynamic array

Option<T>—Some(T) or None

Result<T, E>—Ok(T) or Err(E)

结构体与枚举

let s2 = s1;—Move ownership (s1 invalid)

let s2 = s1.clone();—Deep copy (both valid)

&x—Immutable borrow (reference)

&mut x—Mutable borrow

fn f(s: &String)—Borrow in function

fn f(s: &mut String)—Mutable borrow in fn

'a lifetime annotation—Explicit lifetime

'static—Lives entire program

错误处理

struct Point { x: f64, y: f64 }—Named struct

impl Point { fn new() -> Self }—Implement methods

self / &self / &mut self—Method receivers

enum Color { Red, Green, Blue }—Simple enum

enum Msg { Quit, Move {x,y} }—Enum with data

match val { Pat => expr }—Pattern matching

if let Some(x) = opt { }—Conditional unwrap

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]—Auto-derive traits

特征

Result<T, E>—Recoverable error type

Ok(val) / Err(e)—Result variants

.unwrap()—Panic if Err/None

.expect("msg")—Panic with message

?—Propagate error (return Err)

.unwrap_or(default)—Default on error

.map_err(|e| ...)—Transform error

panic!("msg")—Unrecoverable error

Traits

trait MyTrait { fn method(); }—Define trait

impl Trait for Type { }—Implement trait

fn f(x: &dyn Trait)—Dynamic dispatch

fn f(x: impl Trait)—Static dispatch

fn f<T: Trait>(x: T)—Generic with bound

where T: Trait + Clone—Where clause bounds

Box<dyn Trait>—Trait object on heap

Collections

Vec::new() / vec![1,2,3]—Create vector

v.push(x) / v.pop()—Add / remove last

v.iter().map(|x| ...)—Iterator map

v.iter().filter(|x| ...)—Iterator filter

.collect::<Vec<_>>()—Collect into container

HashMap::new()—Create hash map

map.insert(k, v)—Insert key-value

map.get(&k)—Get value (returns Option)

HashSet::new()—Create hash set

.for_each(|x| ...)—Iterate with closure

Control Flow

if cond { } else { }—If expression

let x = if c { a } else { b };—If as expression

loop { break val; }—Infinite loop with return

while cond { }—While loop

for x in iter { }—For-in loop

for i in 0..10 { }—Range loop

match val { _ => {} }—Match (exhaustive)

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